"The plants in Leonardo's works are interesting as they were painted directly from nature during a time when most artists simply copied from the books of herbalists. Leonardo would carefully choose plants for their symbolic value. In the Louvre version of the Virgin of the Rocks,
Aquilegia, or columbine (dove plants) are beside the Virgin's face; these symbolise the Holy Spirit. Stains on the St. John's wort suggest a martyr's blood, the creeper
Cymbalaria symbolises constancy and virtue. Heart-shaped leaves represent love and virtue; sword-shaped leaves, the sword of sorrow which was to pierce Mary's heart and the palm leaves are a symbol of victory."
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